Justify the conclusion
6．JUSTIFY THE CONCLUSION
看原文：
因為需要100 CERTAINTY
故原文類型多為
1充分必要類或
2NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES。畫出推理鏈或找出結論的新元素
找答案：用原文結論出現的新元素或推理鏈或numbers And percentage的計算結果去找答案
再結合TEST排除充分必要顛倒的混淆選項。
The conclusion above would be more reasonably drawn if which of the following were inserted into the argument as an additional premise?
19. Even though most universities retain the royalties版稅 from faculty members' inventions, the faculty members retain the royalties from books and articles they write. Therefore, faculty members should retain the royalties from the educational computer software they develop.
invention 版稅 歸學校
book與artical 版稅歸教員
推出 educational computer software 版稅歸教員
A. Royalties from inventions are higher than royalties from educational software programs.
發明的版稅 高於教育軟體版稅 題目中並沒有這樣的邏輯推出此結論
B. Faculty members are more likely to produce educational software programs than inventions.推不出結論
C. Inventions bring more prestige威望 to universities that do books and articles.
推不出結論
D. In the experience of以往的經驗 most universities, educational software programs are more marketable that are books and articles.
E. In terms of the criteria used to award獎 royalties, educational software programs are more nearly comparable to books and articles than to inventions.
把educational software跟book 與article 分為同類 正確推出結論
Any of the following, if introduced into the argument as an additional premise, makes the argument above logically correct EXCEPT:
6. Kale has more nutritional value than spinach. But since collard greens have more nutritional value than lettuce, it follows that kale has more nutritional value than lettuce.k>s c>l k>l
s>c
這題是數學問題
s跟c的條件有可能是s>c or s=c
(A) Collard greens have more nutritional value than kale.
c>k便無法推出k與l的關系
(B) Spinach has more nutritional value than lettuce.s>l 推出k>l
(C) Spinach has more nutritional value than collard greens.s>c 可以推出k>l
(D) Spinach and collard greens have the same nutritional value.s=c 推出k>l
(E) Kale and collard greens have the same nutritional value.k=c c>l 推出k>l
Which of the following is an assumption that enables the conclusion above to be properly drawn?
92. According to the new office smoking regulations, only employees who have enclosed office may smoke at their desks. Virtually all employees with enclosed offices are at the professional level, and virtually all secretarial employees lack enclosed offices. Therefore, secretaries who smoke should be offered enclosed offices.
條件是：有單獨房間的職員----〉可以在桌上抽煙 ；而結論是：應該給秘書單獨房間。這中間有個gap, 就是所有職員包括秘書一定可以在桌上抽煙
而C中，秘書即使沒有單獨房間，也該被允許在辦公桌上抽煙，是削弱了結論。因為C成立的話，就不需要再給秘書單獨安排房間了，因為他們可以直接在辦公桌上抽煙了。
(A) Employees at the professional level who do not smoke should keep their enclosed offices.
(B) Employees with enclosed offices should not smoke at their desks, even though the new regulations permit them to do so.
(C) Employees at the secretarial level should be allowed to smoke at their desks, even if they do not have enclosed
(D) The smoking regulations should allow all employees who smoke an equal opportunity to do so, regardless of an employee’s job level.
正確 D滿足了這個條件，所以是assumption。如果D取非，也就是沒有必要所有的抽煙的員工都給單獨房間，原 文推理就斷了。
(E) The smoking regulations should provide equal protection from any hazards associated with smoking to all employees who do not smoke.
OG對A的解釋為：A tends to conflict with the conclusion, unless some enclosed offices are vacant.原文結論為：這些ENCLOSED OFFICES應該給抽煙的秘書，而A表達的是這些enclosed offices該給不抽煙的professional level的職員。在這層意思上矛盾。所以用tend，加上後面的補充說還有多餘的enclosed offices的話就不矛盾拉。
不過，建議將A按無關理解簡單些。原文結論說的是抽煙的秘書是否該給ENCLOSED OFFICES的問題，A說的是不抽煙的professional level職員給不給Offices的問題。所以無關。
The conclusion above would be more properly drawn if it were made clear that the
100. A compelling optical illusion called the illusion of velocity and size makes objects appear to be moving more slowly the larger the objects are. Therefore, a motorist's estimate of the time available for crossing a highway with a small car approaching is bound to be lower than that it would be with a large truck approaching.
100. A compelling optical illusion called the illusion of velocity and size makes objects appear to be moving more slowly the larger the objects are. （這句是省略句，回過來是：A compelling optical illusion called the illusion of velocity and size makes objects appear to be moving more slowly, the larger the objects, the more slowly moving the objects are appeared to be.)Therefore, a motorist's estimate of the time available for crossing a highway with a small car approaching is bound to be lower than that it would be with a large truck approaching. 題干：一種強制性的視覺誤差叫做速度和大小產生的誤差：越大的物體看上去越慢。
結論：因此當一個駕車人在估計能穿過高速的時間時，對開過來的小車的時間估計應該低於對大車的時間估計。（這就是說，其實大車的速度比人能看到感到的要快，但是由於人的視覺誤差和物體大小有關，所以小車看上去會快，所以對小車估計的時間會比對大車估計的時間少。除非小車和大車是同一速度的，否則是無法比較時間的，因為我們無法比較他們的速度了）
A. truck's speed is assumed to be lower than the car's （同樣的速度條件下，我們才能比較誤差，如果不是同一個參數級別，不能得出結論）
B.truck's speed is assumed to be the same as the car's (在卡車和小車原來速度相同的情況下，我們才能比較視覺差的問題，如果他們速度本來就不一樣，有快慢，題目的結論就無法成立，我們不知道小車原來就比卡車快，還是反之，這樣自然影響判斷他們的能穿過高速的時間）
C.truck's speed is assumed to be higher than the car's （理由同上）
D.mostoris's estimate of time available is assumed to be more accurate with cars approaching than with trucks approaching （本題說的是視覺對速度的判斷誤差和物體大小有關，視覺誤差是一直存在的，不存在哪個更精確的問題。比如：你對物體的速度產生的視覺誤差是固定的，不因為你看見一輛大車，你的視覺誤差率大，而小車就誤差率小）
E.motorist's estimate of time available is assumed to be more accurate with trucks approaching than with cars approaching （理由同上）
(B) truck’s speed is assumed to be the same as the car’s
(C) truck’s speed is assumed to be higher than the car’s(D) motorist’s estimate of time available is assumed to be more accurate with cars approaching than with trucks approaching
(E) motorist’s estimate of time available is assumed to be more accurate with trucks approaching than with cars approaching
留言列表
心情札記 (6)