Support

4．SUPPORT

看原文即找答案：同WEAKEN
TEST：問自己，選項是否在某方面幫助了作者
幾種特殊類型
原文前提和結論關係不密切：正確選項直接支持結論
因果型結論：即原文給出兩件事，然後得出結論說是一件事（因）導致另一件事（果）。
原文是類比：SUPPORT方式為兩者本質相同
調查：有效性不受懷疑（被調查的有代表性等）
假設類支持：將原文的推理中的GAP填補。消除原文的推理缺陷。
因果型結論。條件型結論常以假設的形式出現

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Which of the following statements, if true, would most significantly strengthen the conclusion drawn in the passage?

3. The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years, but children born in Hawaii will live an average of 77 years, and those born in Louisiana, 71.7 years. If a newlywed couple from Louisiana were to begin their family in Hawaii, therefore, their children would be expected to live longer than would be the case if the family remained in Louisiana.

A. As population density increases in Hawaii, life expectancy figures for that state are likely to be revised downward.

B. Environmental factors tending to favor longevity are abundant in Hawaii and less numerous in Louisiana.

其實這裡的Environment factor是有關的詞語，你想想看，這裡其實是說兩個地方的人壽命不一樣，環境當然是一個相關的因素。

C. Twenty-five percent of all Louisianans who move to Hawaii live longer than 77 years.

25%的比例不能說明問題

D. Over the last decade, average life expectancy has risen at a higher rate for Louisianans than for Hawaiians.

E. Studies show that the average life expectancy for Hawaiians who move permanently to Louisiana is roughly equal to that of Hawaiians who remain in Hawaii.

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Which of the following, if true, would most support the claims above?

17. Toughened hiring standards have not been the primary cause of the present staffing shortage in public schools. The shortage of teachers is primarily caused by the fact that in recent years teachers have not experienced any improvements in working conditions and their salaries have not kept pace with salaries in other professions.

shortage 的原因1 toughened  2 working conditions  3low salaries

但主因是後面2 3個 找個選項 支持他

No improvements in working conditions

Salaries not kept pace with salaries in other professions  ->  shortage of teachers

A. Many teachers already in the profession would not have been hired under the new hiring standards.

(起到了weaken的作用，而不是support的作用)

B. Today more teachers are entering the profession with a higher educational level than in the past. （higher education level錯誤）

C. Some teachers have cited higher standards for hiring as a reason for the current staffing shortage. （起到了weaken的作用）

D. Many teachers have cited low pay and lack of professional freedom as reasons for their leaving the profession. （有因有果，正確）

E. Many prospective teachers have cited the new hiring standards as a reason for not entering the profession. （weaken的作用）

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Which of the following ,if true,could proponents of the plan above most appropriately cits as a piece of evidence for the soundness of their plan?

23.A cost-effective solution to the problem of airport congestion is to provide high-speed ground transportation between major cities lying 200 to 500 miles apart.The successful implementation of this plan would cost far less than expanding existing airports and would also reduce the number of airplanes clogging both airports and airways.
注意 200-500這個數字
題干說有一個解決機場擁擠的辦法是提供快速陸路交通，對於那些200到500邁遠的大城市。B說有一半的飛機離開的都是飛225邁遠的城市的。言下之意就 是有一半的航班可以用陸路交通來替代，這樣就可以解決機場擁擠的問題。C說大部分飛機都是飛600邁遠的城市的，那麼對於600邁遠的城市，沒有陸路交通 來替代，所以這個陸路交通的方法對於解決機場擁擠是沒有用的。
A. An effective high-speed ground-transportation system would require major repairs to many highways and mass-transit improvements.
B. One-half of all departing flights in the nation’s busiest airport head for a destination in a major city 225 miles away.
C. The majority of travelers departing from rural airports are flying to destinations in cities over 600 miles away.
D. Many new airports are being built in areas that are presently served by high-speed ground-transportation systems.
E. A large proportion of air travelers are vacationers who are taking long-distance flights.
已經有了高速公路還要修建新的機場，說明高速公路的作用不如預期，所以有削弱作用。

D. Many new airports are being built in areas that are presently served by high-speed ground-transportation systems. 應該是在說「在已有高速公路的地區許多新的機場正在修建。」而本題的結論 The successful implementation of this plan would cost far less than expanding existing airports and would also reduce the number of airplanes clogging both airports and airways.成功地執行此方案將會比擴建機場花費更少並且減少機場和飛機航道上飛機堵塞的數量。

由於機場既然已在修建，所以並沒有使用高速公路代替機場的方案得以實施，因此against 了plan.

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Which of the following statements, if true, is the best basis for a criticism of historical costing as an economically sound pricing method for military contracts?

30. The price the government pays for standard weapons purchased from military contractors is determined by a pricing method called “historical costing.” Historical costing allows contractors to protect their profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous year’s contractual price.
政府從承包商購買武器的價格是由一種叫做「統計價格」的方法來定價的，統計價格的定價方式允許承包商按照頭年價格增加一定比例的價格來得到他們相應的利潤，這個增加的比例基於當前的通貨膨脹率。 然後，問題是問，下面的陳述中那個是對這種定價方式最好批判基礎 A，政府繼續沒有效的花費 B，通貨膨脹。。。。與題無關 C，承包商的價格對武器影響。。。與批判關係不大 D，納稅人批評政府花錢。。。與問題關係不大 E價格不利於武器革新,。。。。與花費的批判關係不大
A. The government might continue to pay for past inefficient無效的 use of funds.
B. The rate of inflation has varied considerably over the past twenty years.這個inflation變多變少不知道
C. The contractual price will be greatly affected by the cost of materials used for the products.
C項是說價格受到產品原材料成本的影響，因此歷史定價法是不合理的。但是因為歷史定價法是考慮了 inflation的，而這種原材料價格的上升已經反應在inflation裡面了，因此事實上歷史定價法反應了原材料價格的上漲，因此價格受原材料成本 的影響的說法不能成為批評歷史定價法的依據。
D. Many taxpayers question the amount of money the government spends on military contracts.
E. The pricing method based on historical costing might not encourage the development of innovative
weapons.

OG的解釋說「價格上升反應在Rate of Inflation」－－這句話在學經濟學的我看來完全是扯淡，寫答案的人看來根本就不明白rate of inflation是啥意思... 當然有這種可能：原材料的價格變化和通貨膨脹率變化剛好相同，或者至少變化方向一致。僅僅在這種假設前提下，C才可以被排除。

但是其實仔細看了以後發現，這題的解題思路不在這個地方，而在於historical costing的定價方是政府，而不是廠商。看這兩句「historical costing allowseconomically sound pricing」，「允許廠商」，「經濟的（省錢的）定價方法」，如果是廠商定價，他會用「省錢的定價方法」嗎？ contractors」和「as an

既然定價方是政府了，政府的目的就是省錢！材料漲價跌價關我P事啊，我就按照「本期價格＝上期價格＋合理利潤增長部分（以通貨膨脹率為基礎）」定價，廠商愛接不接...

這裡的上期價格可以看作是個常數，因為不是本期決定的，而合理利潤增長百分比可以看作是個變量，是可以談判的，那麼現在能造成本期價格不經濟的原因只有兩種了：1是上期價格就比較貴；2是本期談判結果政府吃虧了。

那看答案，只有A嘍，A說上期的錢就花的「沒效率」，那麼本期自然就跟著沒效率；

B 說過去20年通貨膨脹率變化比較大，我就看本期的通貨膨脹率，過去20年關我P事啊～

C 說材料價格變化對合本期價格影響很大。材料價格變了，政府和廠商可以談判來決定那個變量嘛，怎麼就能說這個定價不經濟呢？

D 納稅人質疑政府的軍購費用。讓他們質疑唄，再NB的質疑最多能影響到軍購合同的總量，對價格是沒法影響的。

E 這種定價方式也許會減弱廠商研發新武器的積極性。（想出這個答案的哥們夠憂國憂民的）這裡只討論定價方法對政府是不是有效率的，省錢的，這個答案扯的也太遠了...所以選A

其實the best basis for a criticism of "HC"是指對定價方法的質疑，就是說這個定價方法存在什麼問題。

1、仔細讀A選項：

A. The government might continue to pay for past inefficient use of funds.
政府可能繼續擔負以前的無效的花費。

換一句話說：如果以前金錢的花費存在無效的情況，那麼從HC定價法可以推出的以後的花費也是無效的。

注意A選項中的詞：might說明有這個可能性。continue是指一個持續的現象，而不是特指今年政府的花費是否有效。

2、再來看看題目中：關於HC的描述：

Historical costing allows contractors to protect their profits by adding a
percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous year』s contractual price.
今年的價格=去年的價格+通貨膨脹率的上浮

如果某一年的價格出現inefficient的話，那麼根據HC的定價方法，以後的價格都會inefficient

3、再深入一點

怎麼會出現某一年的價格偏高呢？根據HC的定價方法，如果某一年的通貨緊縮的話，因為定價方法沒有考慮價格下降的因素，當年的價格就會出現inefficient了。

4、再看og解釋

現在在來看og的解釋是不是更清楚一點了呢？

If the original contractual price for the weapons purchased incorporated an inefficient use of funds, then, since
historical costing merely adds to the original price, it preserves these inefficiencies. An economically sound
pricing method should at least allow the possibility of reductions in price as such inefficiencies are removed.
Hence, A is the best answer

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Which of the following, if true, taken together with the information above, best supports the conclusion that the cost of television satellites will continue to increase?

32. A recent spate of launching and operating mishaps with television satellites led to a corresponding surge in claims against companies underwriting satellite insurance. As a result, insurance premiums shot up, making satellites more expensive to launch and operate. This, in
turn, has added to the pressure to squeeze more performance out of currently operating satellites.

squeeze out of是從……擠出的意思，也就是說增加satellites的performance的意思

讀題干：「事故增加   對這保險費用上升   發射使用衛星更加昂貴   更多使用當前衛星的壓力增大」。需要證明的結論是：「使用衛星的成本會繼續增加」，「繼續」是本題中找出正確答案的出口。也許A、D、E都會導致成本上升，但是這些都不足以推動成本繼續增加，解決繼續問題的辦法是將原來的推導鏈條形成一個環路，就是把「更多使用衛星」和「事故增加」聯繫起來，這樣，整個鏈條上的事物就能自己順延推動，從而實現成本的繼續上升。

A. Since the risk to insurers of satellites is spread over relatively few units, insurance premiums are necessarily very high.

A說衛星保險者所受的風險被分配到了相對少的個數上(也就是說單位風險變大了), 保險金就高了.

B. When satellites reach orbit and then fail, the causes of failure are generally impossible to pinpoint with confidence.
C. The greater the performance demands placed on satellites, the more frequently those satellites break down.

可以從最後1條推到第一條，這樣就形成循環推理，所以就continue了，正確

D. Most satellites are produced in such small numbers that no economies of scale can be realized.
E. Since many satellites are built by unwieldy international consortia, inefficiencies are inevitable.

Which of the following, if true, taken together with the information above, best supports the conclusion that the cost of television satellites will continue to increase?

注意問題中有continue,因此選項中應可以表達出循環的意向

the greater..., the more...涉及原文關鍵詞並表達出了一種循環,因此容易從句式上判斷是正確的.

而且這種循環正確選項的關鍵詞往往是文中最前和最後出現的,在此題正確選項中

C. The greater the performance demands placed on satellites, the more frequently those satellites break down.

Performance 在文中最末一個分句和break down相當於mishap

另外,原文中This, in turn, has added to the pressure to squeeze more performance out of currently operating satellites.出現了in turn,也表示選項中應出現循環

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Which of the following, if feasible可行, offers the best prospects for alleviating the problem of the drop in enrollment of Mexican nationals as the teaching faculties assessed it?

34. In 1985 state border colleges in Texas lost the enrollment of more than half, on average, of the Mexican nationals they had previously served each year. Teaching faculties have alleged that this extreme drop resulted from a rise in tuition for international and out-of-state students from $ 40 to $ 120 per credit hour.

題目還是要針對the best prospects for alleviating the problem

RESULTED FROM 表示的是因果關係，並非充分必要關係。當然不存在逆否命題等推理關係，更沒有A---〉B的推理關係

A. Providing grants-in-aid to Mexican nationals to study in Mexican universities.

B. Allowing Mexican nationals to study in Texas border colleges and to pay in-state tuition rates, which are the same as the previous international rate允許墨西哥國民在德州邊境高校承擔in state 學費率 是相同先前的國際費率

C. Reemphasizing the goals and mission of the Texas state border colleges as serving both in-state students and Mexican nationals 無關

D. Increasing the financial resources of Texas colleges by raising the tuition for in-state students attending state institutions

但是並不能減少mexican的學費

E. Offering career counseling for those Mexican nationals who graduate from state border colleges and intend to return to Mexico

過度衍伸 無關

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The association’s argument as it is presented in the passage above would be most strengthened if which of the following were true?

35. Affirmative action is good business. So asserted the National Association of Manufacturers while urging retention of an executive order requiring some federal contractors to set numerical goals for hiring minorities and women. “Diversity in work force participation has produced new ideas in management, product development, and marketing,” the association claimed.

扶持行動帶來生意.因此美國全國製造商協會主張敦促保留一項行政命令,要求部分聯邦承包商設定數值目標僱用少數族裔和婦女多樣性的勞動參與,產生了在管理,產品開發和營銷新的想法

Affirmative action是美國的一個法案，用來保證少數民族和婦女的地位的。要求公司裡少數民族和婦女不得低於某個比例.

A. The percentage of minority and women workers in business has increased more slowly than many minority and women’s groups would prefer. 無關

B. Those businesses with the highest percentages of minority and women workers are those that have been the most innovative and profitable.

有women innovative  支持結論

C. Disposable income has been rising as fast among minorities and women as among the population as a whole. 無關

D. The biggest growth in sales in the manufacturing sector has come in industries that market the most innovative products.無關

E. Recent improvements in management practices have allowed many manufacturers to experience enormous gains in worker productivity.

無關

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Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn in the second sentence?

37. If the airspace around centrally located airports were restricted to commercial airliners and only those private planes equipped with radar, most of the private-plane traffic would be forced to use outlying airfields. Such a reduction in the amount of private-plane traffic would reduce the risk of midair collision around the centrally located airports.
沒有裝radar的飛機不能用 centrally airport 避免risk of midair collision
題干說的是一種假設，要求加強該假設的結論。而D是過去的情況，即使以後仍然下降，也與假設的效果無關。
A. Commercial airliners are already required by law to be equipped with extremely sophisticated radar systems.無關
B. Centrally located airports are experiencing overcrowded airspace primarily because of sharp increases in commercial-airline traffic.無關
C. Many pilots of private planes would rather buy radar equipment than be excluded from centrally located airports.無關
D. The number of midair collisions that occur near centrally located airports has decreased in recent years. 無關
E. Private planes not equipped with radar systems cause a disproportionately large number of midair collisions around centrally located airports.加強了midair collision的結論

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The pilots’ objection is most strengthened if which of the following is true?

50 Airline: Newly developed collision-avoidance systems, although not fully tested to discover potential malfunctions, must be installed immediately in passenger planes. Their mechanical warnings enable pilots to avoid crashes.

 

Pilots: Pilots will not fly in planes with collision-avoidance systems that are not fully tested. Malfunctioning systems could mislead pilots, causing crashes.找到支持pilots的論點

 

(A) It is always possible for mechanical devices to malfunction.無關

(B) Jet engines, although not fully tested when first put into use, have achieved exemplary performance and safety records.無關

(C) Although collision-avoidance systems will enable pilots to avoid some crashes, the likely malfunctions of the not-fully-tested systems will cause even more crashes.支持  雖然防撞系統可避免墜機 但是他們malfunction的時候會引起更多得墜機

(D) Many airline collisions are caused in part by the exhaustion of overworked pilots.無關

(E) Collision-avoidance systems, at this stage of development, appear to have worked better in passenger planes than in cargo planes during experimental flights made over a six-month period.無關的比較

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Which of the following statements, if true, would most strengthen the scientists’ hypothesis?

53. Two decades after the Emerald River Dam was built, none of the eight fish species native to the Emerald River was still reproducing adequately in the river below the dam. Since the dam reduced the annual range of water temperature in the river below the dam from 50 degrees to 6 degrees, scientists have hypothesized that sharply rising water temperatures must be involved in signaling the native species to begin the reproductive cycle. 把水溫提升可以使魚 reproducing

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Which of the following statements, if true, would most significantly strengthen the hypothesis of the scientists?

60. Since the routine use of antibiotics can give rise to resistant bacteria capable of surviving antibiotic environments, the presence of resistant bacteria in people could be due to the human use of prescription antibiotics. Some scientists, however, believe that most resistant bacteria in people derive from human consumption of bacterially infected meat.

由於日常使用的抗生素可引起抗藥性的細菌能夠產生抗藥性生存環境  現在的抗藥性細菌的人可能是由於人類使用的處方抗生素

關鍵在於believe that most resistant bacteria in people derive from human consumption of bacterially infected meat這句話的理解，here, bacterially infected meat 指抗藥性細菌

(B) Most people who develop food poisoning from bacterially infected meat are treated with prescription antibiotics.
人是先吃細菌感染的肉才食物中毒  才用抗生素治療  肉裡面沒有抗生素
Some scientists, however, believe that most resistant bacteria in people derive from human consumption of bacterially infected meat.
假設是說  人食用含有抗生素的肉
這樣一比 B就無關了

(A) Antibiotics are routinely included in livestock feed so that livestock producers can increase the rate of growth of their animals.正確

(B) Most people who develop food poisoning from bacterially infected meat are treated with prescription antibiotics.無關

(C) The incidence of resistant bacteria in people has tended to be much higher in urban areas than in rural areas where meat is of comparable quality.無關

(D) People who have never taken prescription antibiotics are those least likely to develop resistant bacteria.無關

(E) Livestock producers claim that resistant bacteria in animals cannot be transmitted to people through infected meat.無關

本題的focus是livestoke和人類感染某種病菌之間的關係。加強答案就是要加強這個關係。結合文章給出的背景知識，A其實就說明 livestoke是帶有這種感染病菌的，而且一旦被人吃下去，人也會感染該病菌（因為對抗生素的任何形式的接觸都可能產生抵抗性病菌），這不就是加強 嗎？BCDE都無關啊。

原文

第一句話因果 ：人類吃含有抗生素的處方a人體內含有抗藥性的細菌

第二句話他因反駁前面因果：科學家 人吃了受細菌感染的肉a抗藥性細菌

 

(A)抗生素常常(routinely)加入飼料中a讓牲畜成長快

+ 原文the first line:常常吃抗生素a抗藥性細菌，假設人和動物只要常常吃抗生素a抗藥性細菌

支持科學家說法：人吃了受抗藥性細菌感染的肉a抗藥性細菌

(B)肉和處方都是原因：肉是最先的原因，處方是中間原因a結果

原文第三個字routine(常常吃抗生素a抗藥性細菌)，常常中毒才會常常服用含有抗生素的處方a人體內含有抗藥性的細菌

食物中毒是因為吃下受哪一種細菌感染的肉，並沒有指明是受抗藥性的細菌感染的肉

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Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn by the researchers?

66.Male bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated nests, or bowers. Basing their judgment on the fact that different local populations of bowerbirds of the same species build bowers that exhibit different building and decorative styles, researchers have concluded that the bowerbirds’ building styles are a culturally acquired, rather than a genetically transmitted, trait.

bowerbird的築巢是 文化傳遞  而不是先天基因遺傳

(A) There are more common characteristics than there are differences among the bower-building styles of the local bowerbird population that has been studied most extensively.築巢形式  同大於異  跟結論無關

(B) Young male bowerbirds are inept at bower-building and apparently spend years watching their elders before becoming accomplished in the local bower style. 從小看著老鳥們築巢長大的  文化因素

(C) The bowers of one species of bowerbird lack the towers塔樓 and ornamentation裝飾品 characteristic of the bowers of most other species of bowerbird.無關

(D) Bowerbirds are found only in New Guinea and Australia, where local populations of the birds apparently seldom have contact with one another.產地無關  沒說明是哪種因素造成

(E) It is well known that the song dialects of some songbirds are learned rather than transmitted genetically. 無關

(A) There are more common characteristics than there are differences among the bower-building styles of the local bowerbird population that has been studied most extensively —>不同群族的鳥建不同的房子，而同一族群(population)的鳥的建築既有不同點又有相似點，說明有些可能是因為後天的學習，而有些可能來 自於遺傳

(D) Bowerbirds are found only in New Guinea and Australia, where local populations of the birds apparently seldom have contact with one another. —>鳥群間不相往來說明同一群族的鳥不會向其它群族的鳥學習，但並不影響同一鳥群內部的相互學習或者遺傳

(E) It is well known that the song dialects of some songbirds are learned rather than transmitted genetically.
E只能說明鳥類有後天學習的能力，但結論是問鳥類「蓋房子」的能力從何而來，實屬無關

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Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the position above?

74. Many breakfast cereals are fortified with vitamin supplements. Some of these cereals provide 100 percent of the recommended daily requirement of vitamins. Nevertheless, a well-balanced breakfast, including a variety of foods, is a better source of those vitamins than are such fortified breakfast cereals alone.

天然的最好  找個論點支持他

(A)In many foods, the natural combination of vitamins with other nutrients makes those vitamins more usable by the body than are vitamins added in vitamin supplements.支持

(B)People who regularly eat cereals fortified with vitamin supplements sometimes neglect to eat the foods in which the vitamins occur naturally.無關 沒有  support the better source of vitamins

(C)Foods often must be fortified with vitamin supplements because naturally occurring vitamins are removed during processing.反對

(D)Unprocessed cereals are naturally high in several of the vitamins that are usually added to fortified breakfast cereals.無關

(E)Cereals containing vitamin supplements are no harder to digest消化 than similar cereals without added vitamins. 無關

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Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the archaeologists’ hypothesis?

82. Excavation of the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus revealed a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings typical of towns devastated by earthquakes. Archaeologists have hypothesized that the destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have
occurred near the island in A.D.365.

(A) Bronze ceremonial drinking vessels that are often found in graves dating from years preceding and following A.D.365 were also found in several graves near Kourion.
(B) No coins minted after A.D.365 were found in Kourion, but coins minted before that year were found in abundance.正確
沒有鑄造的硬幣在A.D. 365年以後被發現
(C) Most modern histories of Cyprus mention that an earthquake occurred near the island in A.D.365.不能支持假設
(D) Several small statues carved in styles current in Cyprus in the century between A.D.300 27 and 400 were found in Kourion.
(E) Stone inscriptions in a form of the Greek alphabet that was definitely used in Cyprus after A.D.365 were found in Kourion.
C 只是重複結論的已知事實（known to have occurred near the island in A.D.365.），所以沒有提供另外的信息，所以不算支持。WEAKEN SUPPORT EVALUATION這三類題都必須提供另外的信息。
推論是 Most modern histories of Cyprus mention that an earthquake occurred near the island in A.D.365。具體被摧毀的年代應該是支持的重點，因為題干中已經說明廢墟有是被地震摧毀的特徵。所以B項指出AD365年出現文化斷裂，支持了推論。

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Which of the following, if true, provides most support for the view that Mammoth Industries cannot increase its sales of telephones by adopting the plan outlined above?

83 : Sales of telephones have increased dramatically over the last year. In order to take advantage of this increase, Mammoth Industries plans to expand production of its own model of telephone, while continuing its already very extensive advertising of this product.

去年電話機銷量增長，為了從中獲益，MI計劃擴張它自己的電話機生產，同時繼續其原有的產品廣告攻勢。

E說零售價輕微的下降，去年MI電話機的銷量卻下降了。原文中所說的是總的電話機銷量上升，E說總的上升，MI的卻下降了，所以就削弱了原文增加銷量的計劃。

 

(A) Although it sells all of the telephones that it produces, Mammoth Industries’ share of all telephone sales has declined over the last year.

A說MI銷售所佔總銷售量的比例下降，這個不能削弱原文是無關選項。並無法說明MI的生產是否可行因為SHARE的變化與銷量無直接關係

(B) Mammoth Industries’ average inventory of telephones awaiting shipment to retailers has declined slightly over the last year.支持

(C) Advertising has made the brand name of Mammoth Industries’ telephones widely known, but few consumers know that Mammoth Industries owns this brand.這個品牌很有名 但是大家都不知到  這品牌是MI的  無關MI擴產C的選項做在，C說的是儘管廣告已經使得電話品牌具有廣泛的知名度，但是很少消費者知道這個電話品牌是歸屬於MI的。這個不能直接說明繼續廣告投入不會 support sales，品牌有名自然有人買，但是未必消費者一定要知道它的manufactur是誰。就像P&G的很多產品品牌我們很熟悉，但未必知道是他家生產的。

(D) Mammoth Industries’ telephone is one of three brands of telephone that have together accounted for the bulk佔大部分 of the last year’s increase in sales.支持

(E) Despite a slight decline in the retail price, sales of Mammoth Industries’ telephones have fallen in the last year.

E在說：儘管價格微幅下調，去年的銷量還是下降了。這就說明在整體市場「Sales of telephones have increased dramatically over the last year. 」的情況下，MI的銷量都下降了，即使今年整體市場形勢還是很好，但MI的市場銷量未必好，那麼擴大生產也未必必要。

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Which of the following, if true, gives the most support to the recommendation above?

20. In tests for pironoma, a serious disease, a false positive result indicates that people have pironoma when, in fact, they do not; a false negative result indicates that people do not have pironoma when, in fact, they do. To detect pironoma most accurately, physicians should use the laboratory test that has the lowest proportion of false positive results.

在測試pironoma 一種嚴重的疾病  一個假陽性的結果表明人們感染pironoma  而事實上,他們沒有感染

假陰性結果顯示人們無感染pironoma 而事實上,他們有感染 因此偵查感染pironoma的準確度
醫師應當使用實驗室測試有最低比例的假陽性結果

已知：通過lab的方法，判斷錯誤的陽性檢查結果所佔比率低；選項：判斷錯誤的陰性的檢查結果比率也那麼低。

說明：陰性陽性的判斷錯誤比率都低－－》lab方法好

題干中給出A （假陽性）B（假陰性）兩個條件，這兩個條件對確定C （P病）很關鍵。但結論中只提到C（P病）和 A（假陽性），因此，若平衡的話，推理答案中應提及 B（假陰性）。

(A) The accepted treatment for pironoma does not have damaging side effects.接受治療不會有壞的副作用 無關

(B) The laboratory test that has the lowest proportion of false positive results causes the same minor side effects as do the other laboratory tests used to detect pironoma.

(C) In treating pironoma patients, it is essential to begin treatment as early as possible, since even a week of delay can result in loss of life.無關

(D) The proportion of inconclusive test results is equal for all laboratory tests used to detect pironoma.

該方法的目的是為了最精確的檢測P病，即將錯誤率降到最低。如果試驗沒結果，它不能說明該試驗是對還是錯，沒結果的試驗會被放棄。並不影響錯誤率，故不起支持作用。

(E) All laboratory tests to detect pironoma have the same proportion of false negative results.

Choice A and C are irrelevant because the question is about the "testing" for the disease, not the "treatment".

只有兩種錯誤：false negative 和false positive

寫成公式：總的錯誤 =「false negative 」+「false positive」

如果false negative都一樣，那麼錯誤率只和false positive有關，那麼false positive越低整個錯誤率就越低，準確率就越高了。

我是一下 
應該分2種
正確的準確率應該是(當然是題外話)
test是negitave結果是沒有感染
test是postive結果是有感染

題目是說
錯誤的準確率 100% error
Atest是negitave結果是有感染
Btest是postive結果是沒有感染
A+B=100% not accurate

結論說physicians should use the laboratory test that has  the lowest proportion of false positive results
那就是 A不變+1% B=100% not accurate
B越低 not accurate也越低
所以當然選E
不知道會不會太繞

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Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the author's argument?
89.In many corporations, employees are being replaced by automated equipment in order to save money. However, many workers who lose their jobs to automation will need government assistance to survive, and the same corporations that are laying people off will eventually pay for that assistance through increased taxes unemployment insurance payments.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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The use of this court ruling as part of the law could not be effective in regulating employment practices if which of the following were true?
could not be effective in 修改雇用方式
109.Recently a court ruled that current law allows companies to reject a job applicant if working in the job would entail a 90 percent chance that the applicant would suffer a heart attack. The presiding judge justified the ruling, saying that it protected both employees and employers.

法庭決議一項法律可以允許公司可以拒絕工作申請人  如果應徵者因工作導致90%的機率得心臟病的話

題目是要問the law could not be effective所以找一個去支持法律定訂沒有效果的選項

(A) The best interests of employers often conflict with the interests of employees.與法律無關

(B) No legally accepted methods exist for calculating the risk of a job applicant’s having a heart attack as a result of being employed in any particular occupation.沒有方法可以確定怎樣計算任何一個職位導致90%的心臟病風險  法律規定無效  支持  取非 法律有效可以判定90%風險