11．EVALUATION THE ARGUMENT
看原文：同WEAKEN。
找答案：用結論的具體性去區分有關無關，並結合TEST
TEST：VARIANCE TEST。對答案的相反的回答能對原文結論起WEAKEN和SUPPORT作用
Which of the following, if it could be carried out, would be most useful in an evaluation of Country T’s assessment評價 of the causes of the severity嚴重 of its stock-market crash?
42. In the aftermath of a worldwide stock-market crash, Country T claimed that the severity of the stock-market crash it experienced resulted from the accelerated process of denationalization many of its industries underwent shortly before the crash.
在經歷一場全球股市大跌後 T國聲稱其經歷嚴重的股市崩潰 起因於許多行業在股市崩盤前經歷短暫快速的非國有化進程
用排除法 排除有關無關
A. calculating the average loss experienced by individual traders in Country T during the crash.計算散戶在crash期間所經歷得損失無關
B. using economic theory to predict the most likely date of the next crash in Country T. 使用經濟理論去評估下一個crash無關
C. comparing the total number of shares sold during the worst days of the crash in Country T to the total number of shares sold in Country T just prior to the crash.
比較crash當天與在crash之前 所賣出的總持股數 無關
D. comparing the severity of the crash in Country T to the severity of the crash in countries otherwise economically similar to Country T that have not experienced recent denationalization
比較T國crash的嚴重性 與T國相似行況卻沒有實行denationalization的國家作比較
TEST comparing the severity of the crash in Country T to the severity of the crash in countries otherwise economically similar to Country T that have experienced recent denationalization 把not拿掉對原文起weaken or support的作用
比較T國crash的嚴重性 與T國相似行況 有實行denationalization的國家作比較
E. comparing the long-term effects of the crash on the purchasing power of the currency of Country T to the immediate, more severe short-term effects of the crash on the purchasing power of the currency of Country
比較長期受crash影響的T國購買力 與短期受crash影響的國家的購買力無關
The comparison suggested in D would be useful in evaluating Country T's assessment of the cause of the severity of its stock market crash. If the severity of the crash is at least as great in the countries that are, except for recent nationalization, economically similar to Country T, Country T's assessment is undermined. if the severity of the crash is not as great in these countries as in Country T, however, the assessment is supported. Thus, D is the best answer.D is the best answer.
此比較表明選項D可以用於評估T縣對於造成此次股票市場崩盤的原因的分析。如果其它與T縣經濟情況類似但最近沒有國有化的縣，他們受衝擊的程度至少與T縣一樣嚴重，T縣的結論就被削弱了。反之，如那些縣的情況沒有T縣嚴重，則T縣的結論成立。
Which of the following investigations is most likely to yield significant information that would help to evaluate the researcher’s hypothesis?
51. Guitar strings often go “dead”—become less responsive and bright in tone—after a few weeks of intense use.
A researcher whose son is a classical guitarist hypothesized that dirt and oil, rather than changes in the material properties of the string, were responsible.
(A) Determining if a metal alloy is used to make the strings used by classical guitarists.
與classical吉他無關
(B) Determining whether classical guitarists make their strings go dead faster than do folk guitarists與folk 吉他無關
(C) Determining whether identical lengths of string, of the same gauge, go dead at different rates when strung on various brands of guitars.
(D) Determining whether a dead string and a new string produce different qualities of sound
(E) Determining whether smearing various substances on new guitar strings causes them to go dead
測試各總髒污的物質在新吉他上會go dead,正確
1。原文的responsible和E選項的causes是因果關係，因果關係不同充分必要關係。後者有推理關係，前者是歸納的範疇，沒有推理關係（MUST BE）關係。
2。E對的原因是EVALUATION題對選項YES和NO能對原文起支持和削弱作用即是答案，不是MUST BE結論。
1。建議不管陳向東那本書所說的A-B型和B-A型，不但界限不清，還沒意義。
2。所有的原文推理都可說成是：因為。。。所以。。。。
因為那是作者的說理過程，是作者得出結論（所以）的原因（因為）。當然你也可將原文說成CONCLUSION 和PREMISE（國外的LSAT書都這末寫）
Which of the following must be studied in order to evaluate the argument presented above?
56.Although custom prosthetic bone replacements produced through a new computer-aided design process will cost more than twice as much as ordinary replacements, custom replacements should still be cost-effective. Not only will surgery and recovery time be reduced, but custom replacements should last longer, thereby reducing the need for further hospital stays.
雖然由新電腦所設計的特製人工關節成本比舊型的人工關節貴上2倍 人工關節還是具有成本效益 不但手術及復原時間縮短 而且人工關節可以延長使用 因此可以減少住院的時間.
(A) The amount of time a patient spends in surgery versus the amount of time spent recovering from surgery.無關比較
(B) The amount by which the cost of producing custom replacements has declined with the introduction of the new technique for producing them
(C)The degree to which the use of custom replacements is likely to reduce the need for repeat surgery when compared with the use of ordinary replacements.正確 與使用傳統的義肢比較，使用特製義肢使得外科治療需要的重複程度減少。
TEST取非 沒有與傳統義肢所需要重複手術次數減少 對答案的相反的回答能對原文結論起WEAKEN和SUPPORT作用(D) The degree to which custom replacements produced with the new technique are more carefully manufactured than are ordinary replacements
(E) The amount by which custom replacements produced with the new technique will drop in cost as the production procedures become standardized and applicable on a larger scale
The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the significance, in relation to Hardin’s claim, of the study described above?
看了lawyerNN的話，開始還是不明白，回過頭來才知道原來沒把問題看明白，把語序改成這樣：...be most usefule in evaluating the significance of the study described avove in relation to Hardin's claim就好理解問題的意思了85. Hardin argued that grazing land held in common (that is, open to any user) would always be used less carefully than private grazing land. Each rancher would be tempted to overuse common land because the benefits would accrue to the individual, while the costs of reduced land quality that results from overuse would be spread among all users. But a study comparing 217 million acres of common grazing land with 433 million acres of private grazing land showed that the common land was in better condition.
OG的意思是對ABE的問題的回答（是還是否），都不能影響原文的推理，即不能影響原文的STUDY對CLAIM的反駁作用。the study can undermine Hardin's Claim （原文的推理）一樣成立。
Q85.問如何評估此研究最有用?!
答案C考點觀念在於兩物比較時,必須在比較前狀況相同,互相比較才有意義且準確!!若是比較前狀況相同,則可以undermine Hardin的主張,反之,則不能!!
(A) Did any of the ranchers whose land was studied use both common and private land?
研究是否有任何的莊園的土地是公共及私人2者並存的
(B) Did the ranchers whose land was studied tend to prefer using common land over using private land for grazing?
研究是否有關於共同土地上放牧的使用大於私人土地的
(C) Was the private land that was studied of comparable quality to the common land before either was used for grazing?
研究在2種土地放牧前 是否私人的土地的品質 與公共土地的品質被比較
(D) Were the users of the common land that was studied at least as prosperous繁榮 as the users of the private land?
研究是否公共土地比私人土地還要繁榮
是否業主群只用共同的土地,而沒有私人土地放牧的
這題題目與OG思路都寫的很繞, 我本來看不太懂說, 只是覺得題目要的是evaluate the significane of the H's study, 而非去weaken H's 的theory
所以(C)的答案, 若是yes, 則H's theory就不成立了, 因為照H's theory推導出來的結果與實際不同, 若回答no, 則H's的theory 還成立
若(A)回答no, 則H不成立, 因為H說大家都用兩種地, 若回答yes, 則H也不成立, 因為實際結果與H預測的不同
同樣的(E)回答yes, H不成立, 因為H說大家都用兩種地, 若回答yes, 則H也不成立, 因為實際結果與H預測的不同, (A)(E)算是以相反的角度問同樣的問題, 主要weaken H的一個條件---共用兩種地
(B)回答yes, 則H也不成立, 因為實際結果與H預測的不同, 若(B)回答no, H不成立, 因為H說大家都用兩種地
(B)是以weaken H另一個條件的方式--- much more overusing in common land than in private land.
這問題很棒, 我之前看OG沒有細想這題.....
Answer to which of the following questions is LEAST directly relevant to the union leaders’ consideration of whether attempting a boycott聯合抵制 of Gasco will lead to acceptance of their contract proposal?
原文說了一件事實：工會罷工所採取的計劃
題目問你下面那個選項與該工會杯葛方案有否有機會成功最沒有直接關連？
即五個選項，那一個選項的答案無法回答杯葛行為有沒有機會成功！
least代表最不重要.最小的意思
所以least directly relevant就是指選出最沒有直接關聯的選項
97.Leaders of a miners’ union on strike against Coalco are contemplating additional measures to pressure the company to accept the union’s contract proposal. The union leaders are considering as their principal new tactic a consumer boycott against Gasco gas stations, which are owned by Energy Incorporated, the same corporation that owns Coalco.
目的方法型WEAKEN就是說方法不可行，如果別處得不到汽油，有誰願意去罷工，所以抗議不用某某汽油的方法便不可行。
(A) Would revenue losses by Gasco seriously affect Energy Incorporated?
(B) Can current Gasco customers easily obtain gasoline elsewhere?
(C) Have other miners’ unions won contracts similar to the one proposed by this union?
(D) Have other unions that have employed a similar tactic achieved their goals with it?
(E) Do other corporations that own coal companies also own gas stations?
1）「The union leaders are considering as their principal new tactic （a consumer boycott against gasco gas stations）」
把括號裡的內容放到considering 後面去讀，就是consider boycott as tactic. "正在考慮聯合抵制為新的戰略」。由於boycott 的修飾和定語成分（後面的WHICH從句也是修飾它的），所以被調到了tactic的後面。
consider作"認為;看作"解時,用consider sb.或sth. (as,或to be) sb.或sth.。 注意:在這兩個主動語態的句子中,as和to be都可省略。
所以常有consider sth sth,在SC中
題目是：least directly relevant
那麼就要求選既不能削弱又不能加強的選項
B 客戶能不能輕易買到gasoline 直接導致了revenue，所以會對leader的consideration起到作用
D 是否有其他成功的案例 =>類似的抗議是否有成功的可能性 也會對leader的考慮會起到影響
所以BD都與E相比有更大的relevant
故E is the best choice
To evaluate the argument above, it would be most useful to compare 1959 and 1981 with regard to which of the following characteristics?
155. The proportion of women among students enrolled in higher education programs has increased over the past decades. This is partly shown by the fact that in 1959, only 11 percent of the women between twenty and twenty-one were enrolled in college, while in 1981, 30 percent of the women between twenty and twenty-one were enrolled in college.
第一句話是原文的結論 要evaluate
(A) The percentage of women between twenty and twenty-one who were not enrolled in college
(B) The percentage of women between twenty and twenty-five who graduated from college
(C) The percentage of women who, after attending college, entered highly paid professions
(D) The percentage of men between twenty and twenty-one who were enrolled in college拿男生來做比較正確
(E) The percentage of men who graduated from high school題目中要evaluate的是在past decades中入學的女生占學生總人數的portion的變化，如果題目中給出了20－21歲女性入學比例變化作為條件的話，那麼在相同的題目環境裡， 20－21歲男性入學比例變化也必須是條件之一。比如說，我們要evaluate某一時點的portion，就要在在這個時點，用入學女生的人數除以入學 總人數（入學女生＋入學男生）。多個這樣的時點集合起來，就組成了題目中說的decades；同樣，多個這樣的portion集合起來，就組成了題目中所 研究的portion的變化。
其實OG解釋得很清楚，是說看女生入學比例的增長是否跟同期男生入學比例的增長同步或者更多，如果女生入學比例僅僅絕對值增高，而不是相比男生入學比例相對值增加，就不能得出原文的結論。
21歲的女生的比例從59年的11％～～～～81年的30％但是但從這個結果來看
不能說明女性的比例增加了 只能說明女性的招生的比例年輕化了 要知道女性的比例是否增加
只能找男性的比例是否減少了 所以只有DE是講男人的 E說畢業，所以不選。選了D
A說21歲沒有招進來的女生比例，這是兩個大類的比較，學校內和學校外的比較，題目只講學校內的比較－－－排除
B說畢業－－－莫名
C說就業的高質量－－－無關
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