Must be true
MUST BE TRUE
看原文：
有共同結合點的，將其結合起來，看能推出什麼。
如果沒有結合點，記住信息。
對原文有充分必要推理，有的，找推理起點（或在原文，或在問題，或在選項），由起點列出推理鏈。
用該推理鏈選項找答案。常考NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES和充分必要。
答案：是原文某句話的重寫或逆否命題或某幾句話的結合，特別是原文有充分必要推理的。特別注意數量上和可能性上的詞的差別
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn, if the statements above are true, about a highly automated nuclear-missile defense system controlled by a complex computer program?
10.Meteorite explosions in the Earth’s atmosphere as large as the one that destroyed forests in Siberia, with approximately the force of a twelve-megaton nuclear blast, occur about once a century. The response of highly automated systems controlled by complex computer programs to unexpected circumstances is unpredictable.
在地球的大氣層隕石爆炸 ,大到讓西伯利亞森林被毀 大約有120萬噸核武器爆炸的力量 一世紀左右發生一次
控制複雜的計算機程序,以應付意外情況的高度自動化系統是難以預料的.
The response of highly automated systems controlled by complex computer programs to unexpected circumstances is unpredictable.
- 觀點一面臨這樣的回應 無法預測 如果發生隕石大爆炸，高自動化系統是無法預計的
- 觀點二自動控制系統無法去面臨預測的情況 程序控制了系統，要改變系統性能必須改變程序
A. Within a century after its construction, the system would react inappropriately and might accidentally start a nuclear war.
題目是once a century 而且也沒提到nuclear war 無關
B. The system would be destroyed if an explosion of a large meteorite occurred in the Earth’s atmosphere.
C. It would be impossible for the system to distinguish the explosion of a large meteorite from the explosion of a nuclear weapon.文中沒提及
D. Whether the system would respond inappropriately to the explosion of a large meteorite would depend on the location of the blast.
E. It is not certain what the system’s response to the explosion of a large meteorite would be, if its designers did not plan for such a contingency偶然事件. 這邊把2件事情連在一起 正確觀點一中可以推出：the explosion of a large meteorite 是unexpected circumstances，因為才occur about once a century. 按照觀點二的邏輯，高自動化的系統是無法response。反過來要使系統能預測the explosion of a large meteorite 只能改變設計者的程序，或者說是plan。
(E) not certain 對應 unpredictable; not plan for such a contingency 對應 unexpected circumstances.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must be true?
11.The fewer restrictions there are on the advertising of legal services, the more lawyers there are who advertise their services, and the lawyers who advertise a specific service usually charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. Therefore, if the state removes any of its current restrictions, such as the one against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements, overall consumer legal costs will be lower than if the state retains its current restrictions.
如果國家移除了任何現行的限制法令，例如移除對未標明收費標準的廣告的限制，
整體消費者的法律成本將會降低(相較起保留這些現行法令)
條件一 愈少限制 律師廣告愈多 廣告多 specific service收費少
條件二 因此廢除現有的限制(如違反宣傳具體費用的限制) 法律服務成本會比為廢除限制前還要低
Therefore, if the state removes any of its current restrictions, such as the one against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements
第一個reistriction 是呼應第一句話 The fewer restrictions there are on the advertising of legal services。such as 後面是給出一個例子--
整句的意思如果政府取消當前限制的任意一項，比如取消限制不明確標價的廣告。
A 選項是說如果不需要在廣告裡面明確標價（正好呼應題干裡such as後面那句），一些律師就會滿天要價。
(A) Some lawyers who now advertise will charge more for specific services if they do not have to specify fee arrangements in the advertisements. 與charge less相反
(B) More consumers will use legal services if there are fewer restrictions on the advertising of legal services. 沒有consumers
(C) If the restriction against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements is removed, more lawyers will advertise their services.
這正是條件1和條件2之間的唯一差別，這個結論可以通過條件1推斷出來，條件1是一般情況，條件2是具體情況
(D) If more lawyers advertise lower prices for specific services, some lawyers who do not advertise will also charge less than they currently charge for those services. 條件1當中只是說advertise的lawyer charge less，並不能推斷其他的lawyer的情況
he statements above, if true, best support which of the following assertions?
15. The cost of producing radios in Country Q is ten percent less than the cost of producing radios in Country Y. Even after transportation fees and tariff charges are added, it is still cheaper for a company to import radios from Country Q to Country Y than to produce radios in Country Y.
條件1：生產的成本Q是比Y小0.1Y
條件2：加上其他費用後（交通費和關稅），Q <Y
根據這個可以推斷出其他方面的費用不足以填補這個GAP。
A. labor costs in Country Q are ten percent below those in Country Y. （labor cost沒提到）
B. importing radios from Country Q to Country Y will eliminate ten percent of the manufacturing jobs in Country Y.（eliminate manufacturing jobs沒有提到）
C. the tariff關稅 on a radio imported from Country Q to Country Y is less than ten percent of the cost of manufacturing the radio in Country Y. （這個根據條件完全可以推斷出來）
D. the fee for transporting a radio from Country Q to Country Y is more than ten percent of the cost of manufacturing the radio in Country Q.
（文中只說了less than ten percent than Y）
E. it takes ten percent less time to manufacture a radios in Country Q than it does in Country Y. (說的是費用，而不是time)
Which of the following can be correctly inferred from the statements above?
20.Increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the human bloodstream lower bloodstream-cholesterol levels by increasing the body's capacity to rid itself of excess cholesterol. Levels of HDL in the bloodstream of some individuals are significantly increased by a program of regular exercise and weight reduction.
1為了擺脫過多的膽固醇 藉著增加身體的免疫能力 提高在人體血液中高密度脂蛋白( HDL ) 去降低血液中膽固醇
條件1：increase in HDL->lower bloodstream-cholesterol（排掉多餘的）
條件2：regular exercise and weight reduction->HDL increase
很明顯，可以推斷出regular exercise and weight reduction->lower bloodstream-choleserol
(A) Individuals who are underweight do not run any risk of developing high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstrem.
(underweight的individual不在討論的範圍)
(B) Individuals who do not exercise regularly have a high risk of developing high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream late in life.
who do not exercise不在討論的範圍
(C) Exercise and weight reduction are the most effective methods of lowering bloodstream cholesterol levels in humans.
most effective methods不在討論的範圍
(D) A program of regular exercise and weight reduction lowers cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of some individuals.正確
(E) Only regular exercise is necessary to decrease cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of individuals of average weight.
regular exercise是充分，但不是必要
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the statement in the passage?
25. If there is an oil-supply disruption resulting in higher international oil prices, domestic oil prices in open-market countries such as the United States will rise as well, whether such countries import all or none of their oil.
條件：oil-supply disruption->international higher oil prices->open-market countries的油價也上升
如果是石油供應中斷 ,導致較高的國際油價 國內油價在開放市場如美國將上升, 不論這些國家進口的全部或其任何石油.
A. Domestic producers of oil in open-market countries are excluded from the international oil market when there is a disruption in the international oil supply. （與推斷相反）
B. International oil-supply disruptions have little, if any, effect on the price of domestic oil as long as an open-market country has domestic supplies capable of meeting domestic demand. （跟題目的意思矛盾，題目說whether such countries import all or none）
C. The oil market in an open-market country is actually part of the international oil market, even if most of that country's domestic oil is usually sold to consumers within its borders. (正確)
D. Open-market countries that export little or none of their oil can maintain stable domestic oil prices even when international oil prices rise sharply. （相反）
E. If international oil prices rise, domestic distributors of oil in open-market countries will begin to import more oil than they export. （domestic distributor的行為不在討論的範圍）
Which of the following inferences is best supported by the statement made above?
33. Rural households have more purchasing power than do urban or suburban households at the same income level, since some of the income urban and suburban households use for food and shelter can be used by rural households for other needs.
條件1：收入相同的情況下，rural的人urban/suburban們use（food/shelter）的費用不需要-〉rural, more purchasing power
推斷：rural的人在其他方面的支出不比urban的人多，rural在food/shelter方面的費用更低
A. The average rural household includes more people than does the average urban or suburban household.
B. Rural households have lower food and housing costs than do either urban or suburban households.正確
C. Suburban households generally have more purchasing power than do either rural or urban households.分類錯誤
D. The median income of urban and suburban households is generally higher than that of rural households.無關討論的分類
E. All three types of households spend more of their income on food and housing than on all other purchases combined. 無關
（food/housing的費用和其他費用的比較也不在範圍之內）
這是的重點是 since推出結論，而你要找到什麼東西來說明"since"有道理。
since 是since some of the income urban and suburban households use for food and shelter can be used by rural households for other needs.所以，和since相關的只有B
A的解釋說的是rural家庭的平均人數比urban or suburban的家庭多，原題目中沒有任何信息表明大家庭的購買力就比小家庭的強或者弱。我想這是since there is no information to suggest that larger households are not more likely to have either more purchasing power or lower food and shelter expenses這段話的意思。A屬於典型的無關選項The statements above, if true, best support which of the following conclusions?
69. High levels of fertilizer and pesticides, needed when farmers try to produce high yield of the same crop year after year, pollute water supplies. Expertstherefore urge farmers to diversify their crops and to rotate their plantings yearly. To receive governmental price-support benefits for a crop, farmers must have produced that same crop for the past several years. （to是充分的指示詞，must是必要的指示詞）
high level的fertilizer和pesticides，高產同樣的作物的時候要用，污染水(presupposition)
條件1：不污染，所以要輪種。
條件2(充分必要型)：receives governmental benefits-> produce the same
推斷：不污染和governmental benefits不相容
(A) The rules for governmental support of farm prices work against efforts to reduce water pollution. （正是我推斷的內容，正確）
(B) The only solution to the problem of water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides is to take farmland out of production. （錯誤，文中說輪種也可以）
(C) Farmers can continue to make a profit by rotating diverse crops, thus reducing costs for chemicals, but not by planting the same crop each year. （make a profit不在討論的範圍，rotating是使不污染）
(D) New farming techniques will be developed to make it possible for farmers to reduce the application of fertilizers and pesticides. （new farming technique不在討論的範圍）
(E) Governmental price supports for farm products are set at levels that are not high enough to allow farmers to get out of debt. （governmental supports怎麼制定並沒有說明）
If the statements above are all true, which of the following can properly be inferred on the basis of them?
72.Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. If they did, countries with the largest budget deficits would also have the largest trade deficits. in fact, when deficit figures are adjusted so that different countries are reliably comparable to each other, there is no such correlation.
大的國家預算赤字沒有引起大的國家貿易赤字。如果會引起，則有最大預算赤字的國家也有最大的貿易赤字。（但是），事實上，當這些赤字被調整到不同國家有可比性時，便不存在這種關係（即預算赤字導致貿易赤字）
條件1：budget deficits不會引起large trade deficits.
條件2：當可以比較時，不相關。
這種關係是指第一句話所說的大的國家預選赤字沒有引起大的國家貿易赤字。」如果如你所述，那不存在這種關係意思豈不變成：預算赤字會引起貿易赤字。這和原文第一句話（結論）相反。事實上，原文第一句話是結論，第二句話用反正法（假設不是這樣）證明結論是對
A Countries with large national budget deficits tend to restrict foreign trade.
A無關，無tend to restrict foreign trade
B Reliable comparisons of the deficits figures of one country with those of another are impossible.
B impossible絕對化語言，且題中給出了adjust的一種方式
C Reducing a country's national budget deficit will not necessarily result in a lowering of any trade deficit that country may have.
C Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. 換了種說法
D When countries are ordered from largest to smallest in terms of population, the smallest countries generally have the smallest budget and trade deficit.
D 與population無關
E Countries with the largest trade deficits never have similarly large national budget deficits.
E never絕對化語言，題中無此暗示。
的。第三句話（IN FACT，講事實），用正面論證法證明結論是對的。即先講一個結論，再用正反論證方法證明該結論是對的。Finally, it is consistent with the passage that countries with the largest trade deficits sometimes have similarly large budget deficits 意思就是有可能國家存在大的財政赤字的時候正好也存在大的貿易赤字，這種說法原文沒有矛盾，是一致的。（但這貿易赤字不是財政赤字所導致的），所以那個never是錯的，E就是錯的。OG對於E的解釋就是這個意思啊
From the passage above, it can be properly inferred that the effectiveness
of the sustained massive use of pesticides can be extended by doing which of the following, assuming that each is a realistic possibility?
從原文可以推出如何最有效使用殺蟲劑
90.The sustained massive use of pesticides in farming has two effects that are especially pernicious有毒的. First, it often kills off the pests' natural enemies in the area. Second, it often unintentionally gives rise to insecticide-resistant pests, since those insects that survive a particular insecticide will be the ones most resistant to it, and they are the ones left to breed.
大量使用殺蟲劑 2個 特別有害的影響1殺死害蟲的天敵
這些有抵抗殺蟲劑的昆蟲他們才會存活下來
(A)Using only chemically stable insecticides （文中沒有提到用哪種）
(B)Periodically switching the type of insecticide used （週期性更換殺蟲劑 這樣就不會產生抗藥性）
(C)Gradually increasing the quantities of pesticides used （用的數量沒有提到）
(D)Leaving a few fields fallow every year （一部分不耕種的話，pesticides也不用，那何來有效性呢？）
(E)Breeding higher-yielding varieties of crop plants （高產農作物和使用pesticides沒有關係）
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?
91. When a polygraph測謊器 test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee. Rather, such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful. Nevertheless, employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.
條件1：Polygraph inconclusive->no reflection
條件2：Inconclusive result->refuse to hire
所以根據inconclusive result而refuse to hire不公正
有兩點可以否定E：一是原文是將來時，E為完成時。二是原文是拒絕雇申請者（考慮了測試結果，雖然沒結論）。E是拒絕考慮測試結果，(A) Most examinees with inconclusive polygraph test results are in fact untruthful.
(B) Polygraph tests should not be used by employers in the consideration of job applicants.
(C) An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held against the examinee.
(D) A polygraph test indicating that an examinee is untruthful can sometimes be mistaken.
(E) Some employers have refused to consider the results of polygraph tests when evaluating job applicants.
D 的問題在與 前半句的假設, 即 A polygraph test indicating that an examinee is untruthful, D假設 the test is untruthful, 而原邏輯為 such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful.
D錯的原因是: 測慌儀測出受測驗者是UNTRUTHFUL這種情況在題干沒講.題干只說INCONCLUSIVE(即POSSIBLY TRUTHFUL OR UNTRUTHFUL).所以不能從題干推出測出UNTRUTHFUL的情況
原文改寫一定是結論題型的正確選項之一，只要在結論處，看到就可以選
E並不是原文改寫。僱主根據這種不確定的測慌結論而拒絕申請者，不而是像E所屬的因為結論不確定而忽略這樣一個結論。
employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.
這是個能推不能推的問題：我說僱主將有時候用這個結果來拒絕一個應聘者。
只能推出僱主不是所有時刻都用這個結果來拒絕一個應聘者。
你不能推出僱主有時應用這個結果來接受一個應聘者。
當然E拒絕考慮測試結果和原文的拒絕考慮應聘者差的太遠了。怎麼也推不出
polygraph test 被證明是沒什麼結論性的，也就是意味著無法證明是否是誠實的
但是呢或者然而呢，僱傭者呢有時候呢也會因為這樣的一些測試的結果呢來拒絕一個人
＝明知測試有缺陷，但有時還是拿來做參照
所以選C，這樣的結果有時被拿來不公平的拒絕一些面試者。
which of the following can be most properly inferred from the passage about the products whose importation was banned?
94.To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make. As a direct result（表明結果）, the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.
條件1：保護幼稚產業-〉停止進口，本國開始生產的商品-〉外貿導向性的商品成本增加-〉限制了出口
推斷：本國價格高於外國（從推理鏈的第2部分可以推出來）
A. Those products had been cheaper to import than they were to make within country Z’s fledgling industries.推出結論正確
B. Those products were ones that country Z was hoping to export in its turn, once the fledgling industries matured.
文中並沒有表明保護幼稚產業的目的 推不出來
C. Those products used to be imported from just those countries to which country Z’s exports went.從哪裡進口以及出口到哪裡都沒有說明
D. Those products had become more and more expensive to import, which resulted in a foreign trade deficit just before the ban.
trade deficit, more expensive to import都是沒有提到的
E. Those products used to be imported in very small quantities, but they were essential to country Z’s economy.small quantities沒有提到
這個industries指的是export-dependant industries。cost of those products to the buyers是指買這些產品的買主付出的價格，這些價格對買主來說，也就是他們的成本了。這裡的the cost of those products to the buyers指的是採購成本，而buyer指的就是several export-dependent industries in Z。
我是這麼理解的：因為要保護新興企業（言下之意就是新興企業的產品競爭不過進口產品）所以限制進口，因此導致價格上升（出口商的採購成本增加），也就導致降低了在國際市場上的競爭裡。
Which of the following conclusions about country Z’s adversely affected export-dependent industries is best supported by the passage?
95.To protect certain fledgling剛開始的 industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make. As a direct result, the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.
(A) Profit margins in those industries were not high enough to absorb the rise in costs mentioned above.
對依賴出口的公司來說 毛利率低 不足以吸收購買國內產品的成本
(B) Those industries had to contend with the fact that other countries banned imports from country Z.推不出來無關
(C) Those industries succeeded in expanding the domestic market for their products.推不出來 無關
(D) Steps to offset rising materials costs by decreasing labor costs were taken in those industries. 推不出來 無關
(E) Those industries started to move into export markets that they had previously judged unprofitable.推不出來 無關
成本上升只能說明Z國出口型企業在國際市場上的競爭力收到限制(因為它們的成本相對其他國家要高), 但不能認為這些企業的商品在國際市場上賣價上升(這樣就完全沒有競爭力了, 因為相同的產品, 人們總是買價格便宜好, 那我的產品怎麼可能還賣得出去呢?!).
A是可以做為某種結論直接得出的. 假設這些出口型企業的利潤空間夠高(say 60%), 那麼我的成本相對高一點, 我也可以承受和國外企業賣同樣價格(只不過我的利潤比它們少一點而已), 我還是可以和它們競爭的(即我還是有競爭力的). 若是這樣就和原文推理不一致了, 因為原文推理是這些出口型企業的競爭力受到限制, 取個極限, 即沒有競爭力或沒法做生意了.
Infer題的準確答案可以用取非來驗證.
Which of the following is information provided by the passage above?
跨國合作在USA很興盛
雖然跨國合作可獲得的利潤比單一公司或得的利潤少
但是透過 利用跨國合作是這種國際聯合計畫去 允許美國公司爭取原本沒有能夠取勝的外資合同
條件1：雖然transnational cooperation less profitable, 但是能win foreign contracts->renaissance
我的推斷：win foreign contracts要比失去的profits多
(A) Transnational cooperation involves projects too big for a single corporation to handle.推不出來
(B) Transnational cooperation results in a pooling of resources leading to high-quality performance.無關
(C) Transnational cooperation has in the past been both more common and less common than it is now among United States firms.
(D) Joint projects between United States and foreign corporation are not profitable enough to be worth undertaking.
(E) Joint projects between United States and foreign corporations benefit only those who commission the projects.
這道題 因為從前它曾經很盛行，所以more common;但後來又調落了，所以有一陣less common。這裡both more common and less common並不是指同時發生在同一時間，而是說曾經有過...，也有過...，是不同時間的兩種狀態。
renaissance:復興，所以可以很直觀的理解，所謂復興，必定在以前有過高峰期（relatively common),隨後衰落（became less so),最後在現在得到復興（now becoming more common again),就是這樣三個階段
E 選項中project between United States and foreign corporations , 文中project 是 undertaken by two or more corporations, 是不搭界的, 所以排除E
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?
107. The number of patents granted to inventors by the United States Patent Office dropped from 56,000 in 1971 to 45,000 in 1978. Spending on research and development, which peaked at 3 percent of the gross national product (GNP) in 1964, was only 2.2 percent of the GNP in 1978. During this period, when the United States percentage was steadily decreasing, West Germany and Japan increased the percentage of their GNP’s spent on research and development to 3.2 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively.
美國專利局的申請專利發明由1971年的56000件下降到1978年的45000件 1964年研究和發展支出最高峰3 %的國民生產總值 在1978年GNP只有2.2% 在此期間 ,美國的比例是在逐步下降 西德和日本的比例增加其國民生產總值的3.2 %和1.6 % .用於研究和開發 ,
patent down----GNP down
G &JP up GNP
條件1：patents 1971 56,000減少到45,000,1978
條件2: spending on R&D, 1964年3%GNP（最高）減少到1978年的2.2%
同時G和J
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