水 瓶 物 語 ™

2．MAIN CONCLUSION：
看原文：找出主結論
答案：原文主結論的重寫。必須概括全文並且是MUST BE TRUE。
TEST：原文找結論時，對沒有指示詞的，假設某個為結論，看看是其他句子是它的前提，直到找到主結論。

88.In many corporations, employees are being replaced by automated equipment in order to save money. However, many workers who lose their jobs to automation will need government assistance to survive, and the same corporations that are laying people off will eventually pay for that assistance through increased taxes and unemployment insurance payments.

公司裁員後不會降低費用

(A) higher taxes and unemployment insurance payments will discourage corporations from automating （會不會discourage沒有討論到）

(B) replacing people through automation to reduce production costs will result in increases of other costs to corporations. （正確，是原文的重述）

(C) many workers who lose their jobs to automation will have to be retrained for new jobs. (retrain，沒有提到)

(D) corporations that are laying people off will eventually rehire many of them （會不會rehire沒有提到，只是說了這樣做不划算，但是沒有說就一定要避免）

(E) corporations will not save money by automating because people will be needed to run the new machines（will not save money對,但是need people to run the machines是錯的）

Sharon's argument is structured to lead to which of the following as a conclusion?

138.Roland: The alarming fact is that 90 percent of the people in this country now report that they know someone who is unemployed.

Sharon: But a normal, moderate level of unemployment is 5 percent, with 1 out of 20 workers unemployed. So at any given time if a person knows approximately 50 workers, 1 or more will very likely be unemployed.但是　在正常、輕度的失業率5％下，也就是20個人中有一人失業。某人只要認識超過50各勞工，就至少有一人可能是失業的。

Sharon的意思是90%還是一個normal的水平，不足為奇。

  這不是數學題，不要捲入數學計算中。問題要問的是S說的話的MAIN IDEA，即S要表達什麼觀點。從S用的BUT可看出S不同意R的觀點。R要表達是現在的失業率是個alarming。S不認同R的觀點，認為現在的失業 率不是alarming。即A。至於R所說的90%如何解釋，不必考慮。

(A) The fact that 90% of the people know someone who is unemployed is not an indication

that unemployment is abnormally high. （正確，和我的想法一樣）

(B) The current level of unemployment is not moderate. （錯誤，應該是moderate）

(C) If at least 5% of workers are unemployed, the result of questioning a representative group of people cannot be the percentage Roland cites. （can be 而不是can not be）

(D) It is unlikely that the people whose statements Roland cites are giving accurate reports. (Sharon並沒有否定)

(E) If an unemployment figure is given as a certain percent, the actual percentage of those without jobs is even higher. （並沒有對數據本身懷疑）

 Principle

14．PRINCIPLE
看問題：原則在原文還是選項
看原文：如果原則在原文，找出原則的條件。如果原則在選項，找出結論和推出結論的直接前提。
找答案：對於原則在原文的，將條件和選項直接比，符合條件的為答案。對於原則在選項的將推出結論的前提和結論和選項比，看是否在選項原則之內。

If the statement in the passage concerning oil-supply disruptions is true, which of the following policies in an open-market nation is most likely to reduce the long-term economic impact on that nation of sharp and unexpected increases in international oil prices?

24.If there is an oil-supply disruption resulting in higher international oil prices, domestic oil prices in open-market countries such as the United States will rise as well, whether such countries import all or none of their oil.

如果原油供給的中斷導致國際油價的上漲，一些開放市場的國家的國內油價也會上升，無論這些國家進口與否。問：那個措施能夠減少對其經濟的影響？

題目問的是哪一個政策最有可能減少對國家長期經濟的影響（世界的油價正大幅度上漲）：

A 保持每年的進口數量不變 這樣不能減少對經濟的不利影響，如果油價進一步上漲，國家就要花更多的錢去買油。

B，C都是無關選項，容易排除

E 國內產油量下降那就可能要從國外進口更多油，這多國家經濟是不利的。

只有D 減少對油的消耗量 提倡節省才能使國家少受國際油價飆升的影響，對國家長期經濟有利。

A. Maintaining the quantity of oil imported at constant yearly levels.

Which of the following statements by a United States corporate officer best fits the situation of United States firms as described in the passage above?

98.Transnational cooperation among corporations is experiencing a model renaissance among United States firms, even though projects undertaken by two or more corporations under a collaborative agreement are less profitable than projects undertaken by a singly corporation.The advantage of transnational cooperation is that such joint international projects may allow United States firms to win foreign contracts that they would not otherwise be able to win.

(A) We would rather make only a share of the profit and also risk only a share of a possible loss than run the full risk of a loss.

A 不對因為 original argument 裡面沒有提到loss, argument裡面說美國公司可以跟外企合作來贏得一些otherwise贏不到的合同，合作得到的profit比不合作少(如果可以在不合作的情況下 贏得合同），可是不合作根本就拿不到profit(因為不合作拿不到合同)。 所以美國公司寧願拿一份少點的profit, 也不要一份拿不到的大profit.

(B) We would rather make a share of a relatively modest profit than end up making none of a potentially much bigger profit.

我們寧願取得一個份額相對適度的利潤而不是一個潛在更大的利潤 . 正確

(C) We would rather cooperate and build good will than poison the business climate by all-out competition.沒提到

(D) We would rather have foreign corporations join us in American projects than join them in projects in their home countries.沒提到

(E) We would rather win a contract with a truly competitive bid of our own than get involved in less profitable collaborative agreements.

我們寧願贏得一項合同,以形成真正的競爭而不是捲入較少利潤的合作協定

If the statements above are true, which of the following describes a situation in which a reassessment should occur but is unlikely to do so?
 

106. Property taxes are typically set at a flat rate per $ 1,000 of officially assessed value. Reassessments should be frequent in order to remove distortions that arise when property values change at differential rates. In practice, however, reassessments typically occur when they benefit the government – that is, when their effect is to increase total tax revenue.

當財產的價值出現不同的波動時，往往就需要重新評估，以削減因這種波動而造成的損失

但是這道題聯繫上下文的意思應該是說：只有當財產價值同時出現上升、下降時，就需要重新評估了，否則稅收收入的基礎就不對了

房產稅是由官方評估的，一般是平穩的一個rate.當房產價格在不同方向上發生變化(有的房屋價漲有的跌了)，為了消除由此變化所帶來的distortion(不知如何確切翻譯，但這個詞在經濟學裡很常用)政府需要頻繁重新對房屋估價。但實際上，重新評估房價只有在政府受益時才發生-----即當重新評估房價所帶來的後果會使政府的整體稅收增加(那就是房屋價整體是在漲)。

(A)Property values have risen sharply and uniformly.

政府絕對會重新評估，因為有利於稅收。排除

(B)Property values have all risen--some very sharply,some less so.

政府10之8、9會重新評估，因為有利於稅收。排除

(C)Property values ahve for the most part risen sharply,yet some have dropped slightly.

同上

(D)Property values ahve for the most part dropped significantly;yet some have risen slightly.

答案。雖然大部分下降很厲害，但是還有的在輕微上升，政府還是可以厚著臉皮不重估，畢竟有利於稅收啊。

(E)Property values have dropped significantly and uniformly.

這種情況雖然不利於稅收，但政府不重估，天理難容，那麼明顯的事。

Fill 填空題

Which of the following best completes the passage below?

1.In a survey of job applicants, two-fifths admitted to being at least a little dishonest. However, the survey may underestimate the proportion of job applicants who are dishonest, because____.

在被調查的求職者 ,五分之二自己承認至少有一點不誠實  然而,該調查可能低估的比例應徵者是不誠實的,因為

全部得求職者是1   分為誠實與不誠實  不誠實的人有2/5   剩下的是誠實的人 可是些誠實的人還是有些人不誠實就如A所述

A. some dishonest people taking the survey might have claimed on the survey to be honest 正確 不誠實的人在調查時謊稱他們是誠實的

B. some generally honest people taking the survey might have claimed on the survey to be dishonest與前提相反

C. some people who claimed on the survey to be at least a little dishonest may be very dishonest那就是那2/5的人阿

D. some people who claimed on the survey to be dishonest may have been answering honestly.那他們是不想應徵工作摟

E. some people who are not job applicants are probably at least a little dishonest跟不應徵的人無關

To discourage the buying and selling of free-travel coupons, it would be best for Bravo Airlines to restrict the

6. Company Alpha buys free-travel coupons from people who are awarded the coupons by Bravo Airlines for flying frequently on Bravo airplanes. The coupons are sold to people who pay less for the coupons than they would pay by purchasing tickets from Bravo. This making of coupons results in lost revenue for Bravo.

B只是限制了使用者的範圍。

ACDE不涉及對像；只有B談到限制對象的範圍。

ACDE限制的是其它的方面。

B：使得買賣機票行為不會發生（因為這種機票明確說了給授予人和親屬使用，所以即使A公司買了也賣不出去），不只如此，授予人和家屬可以愉快的享受這種免費旅行，這樣刺激他們下次還會選擇B航空公司，雙方受益，不傷和氣。

但A，C，D，E，都沒能切斷買賣機票行為的發生可能性，而且還限制授予人使用的時間，地點等等，給授予人造成使用不便，「傷了和氣」，下次他們可能就不選擇B航空公司。

Support：航空公司的策略是用固本來加強銷售，而固本轉賣雖然不影響銷售的加強，但損害了贏利

選項B的做法既提高了銷售，又消除了轉賣，增加了贏利。

A沒有增強贏利，C，D，E不僅沒有增強贏利，而且是航空公司原來的銷售策略得到損害，是雙重錯誤

A. number of coupons that a person can be awarded in a particular year

B. use of the coupons to those who were awarded the coupons and members of their immediate families

C. days that the coupons can be used to Monday through Friday

D. amount of time that the coupons can be used after they are issued

E. number of routes on which travelers can use the coupons

Which of the following best completes the passage below?

22.People buy prestige 威望 when they buy a premium product. They want to be associated with something special. Mass-marketing techniques and price-reduction strategies should not be used because____.

因為持續的銷售是建立在消費者的獨佔性感覺上的，所以mass-marketing and price-reduction不可取。

A. affluent purchasers currently represent a shrinking 萎縮 portion of the population of all purchasers

B. continued sales depend directly on the maintenance of an aura of exclusivity  exclusivity 承接並呼應題目關鍵字 special

奢侈品的持續銷售直接取決於保持一種獨一無二的光環。（排他性虛榮心的滿足）lesser means:錢和財富稍微少一點。

C. purchasers of premium products are concerned with the quality as well as with the price of the products

D. expansion of the market niche to include a broader spectrum of consumers will increase profits

E. manufacturing a premium brand is not necessarily more costly than manufacturing a standard brand of the same product

Which of the following best completes the passage below?

38. Established companies concentrate on defending what they already have. Consequently, they tend not to be innovative themselves and tend to underestimate the effects of the innovations of others. The clearest example of this defensive strategy is the fact that___.

A. ballpoint pens and soft-tip markers have eliminated the traditional market for fountain pens, clearing the way for the marketing of fountain pens as luxury or prestige items

B. a highly successful automobile was introduced by the same company that had earlier introduced a model that had been a dismal failure

C. a once-successful manufacturer of slide rules reacted to the introduction of electronic calculators by trying to make better slide rules.

non-innovative strategy that underestimates the effects of others' innovations: the slide-rule manufacturer acted as though any advantages offered by the newer and fundamentally different technology of a competing product, the electronic calculator, could be matched by improving the older, more familiar product.

沒有創新性的策略低估了其它公司的創新結果：在面對全新的，技術上完全改變的，有競爭力的產品（計算器）挑戰時，計算尺的生產者僅僅是寄希望於生產出更好的計算尺（沒有創新的老產品）來應對。

D. one of the first models of modern accounting machines, designed for use in the banking industry, was purchased by a public library as well as by banks

E. the inventor of a commonly used anesthetic did not intend the product to be used by dentists, who currently account for almost the entire market for that drug.麻醉劑的發明者起初發明麻醉劑的時候並沒有想到把麻醉劑給牙醫使用.可是牙醫現卻已經成了麻醉劑的主要的購買市場.

不是上升的生活標準也不是平衡貿易，它們各自確定了一個國家在國際市場的競爭力，而是兩者同時要滿足，因為由於上升的貿易赤字能提高生活標準和因為能通過降低一個國家的生活標準來平衡貿易。

也 就是說生活標準和平衡貿易一個都不能少。因為貿易赤字會造成生活標準提高的假象（由於貿易不平衡了），降低一個國家的生活標準也會造成平衡貿易的假象。由 此衡量國際市場的競爭力，比如A選項就可看出，因為在貿易平衡的情況下，生活標準的提高就能看出一個國家的競爭力高。（因為這裡的生活標準的提高不是犧牲 平衡貿易得來的）

貿易赤字增大可以導致生活水平提高；保持貿易平衡可以以降低生活水平為代價。

所以衡量一個國家的競爭力，要看能不能這兩個指標同時兼顧。

(A) balance its trade while its standard of living rises  

Both are required simultaneously 。即a rising standard of living 和balanced trade同時具備。即A

(B) balance its trade while its standard of living falls

(C) increase trade deficits while its standard of living rises

(D) decrease trade deficits while its standard of living falls

(E) keep its standard of living constant while trade deficits rise.

Which of the following best completes the passage below?

62. At a recent conference on environmental threats to the North Sea, most participating countries favored uniform controls on the quality of effluents, whether or not specific environmental damage could be attributed to a particular source of effluent. What must, of course, be shown, in order to avoid excessively restrictive controls, is that ___________.

答案B強調的是存在性（any），答案D強調的是全面性（all）。題目說了無論污染是不是有某一個具體來源，都要治理（whether or not)，所以就是說只要有就要治理，所以D說是不是所有就沒用了，人家說了只要有就行。而B說的正是，為了防止過度，先要證實到底有沒有

(A) any uniform controls that are adopted are likely to be implemented without delay

(B) any substance to be made subject to controls can actually cause environmental damage

(C) the countries favoring uniform controls are those generating the largest quantities of effluents

選項C說明支持uniform control的都是generating the largest quantities of effluents
雖然這可能不會造成excessive restrictions(這些生產污染源最多的國家總不會拿石頭砸自己的腳,所以大致不會產生excessive restrictions的情形),不過並不一定如C選項所述支持uniform control的全部都得為這類的國家(部份這類國家有參與即可...)

(D) all of any given pollutant that is to be controlled actually reaches the North Sea at present.

是說要避免過度控制污染, 應該只控制那些現在已經流入北海的污染物.

OG則認為這無法達到目標因為最多只有某些污染源是實際到達北海的而非全部...

(E) environmental damage already inflicted on the North Sea is reversible

前面是說無論什麼特殊的污染物導致了特殊的環境污染是否是事實，所有的國家都同意要控制排污的性質，

然後就說in order to avoid excessively restrictive controls是必然的，然後的is that是針對excessively restrictive 來說的，去下面找答案。

A：是實現uniform controls ，文章前面說大家已經達成一致了，不對

B：由於控制而造成的任何物質也會導致環境污染

C：講是什麼國家－－莫名，不對

D：所有的被控制的已有的污染物，還是會到達北海，難道因為污染物無論控不控制都會到達北海，就不要過度控制，兩者之間沒啥關係？？？不對

E：污染是不是可逆的不能解釋為什麼要避免過渡控制

62題的D肯定是錯的，但問題是OG對此選項的解釋。

推理過程，to avoid excessive control-> 答案，所以答案是 avoid excessive control成立的必要條件。所以B對。即control的東西必須是由危害的。

(D) all of any given   pollutant that is to be controlled actually reaches the North Sea  at present

D 錯，因為：1）actually reaches 2) at present,以上兩點任何一點取非，1）沒有實際到北海，但間接威脅，或現在沒到，但將來可能到。以上兩種情況都是需要控制的。所以 avoid excessive control推不出D。所以D錯。

但問題是OG的解釋：

Not all of any given pollutant need reach the North Sea, as choice D claims, since at most

some needs to

說了not all need reach,就是說還至少還需要有一些到的，難道假如所以污染物都沒有到北海，但都有潛在威脅就不

需要控制了嗎即excessive control了嗎？

75. Which of the following best completes the passage below?

The more worried investors are about losing their money, the more they will demand a high potential return on their investment; great risks must be offset by the chance of great rewards. This principle is the fundamental one in determining interest rates, and it is illustrated by the fact that____.

擔心損失金錢的投資者愈多 他們所期望投資的報酬也愈多    高風險 ,必須由高報酬抵銷 很明顯的這個原則是在決定利率的根本  

(A) successful investors are distinguished by an ability to make very risky investments without worrying about their money.無關

(B) lenders receive higher interest rates on unsecured loans than on loans backed by collateral.正確

(C) in times of high inflation, the interest paid to depositors by banks can actually be below the rate of inflation無關

(D) at any one time, a commercial bank will have a single rate of interest that it will expect all of its individual borrowers to pay無關

(E) the potential return on investment in a new company is typically lower than the potential return on investment in a well-established company

無關的比較

Bold face(role)

In the consumer advocate's argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

205. Consumer advocate:it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise.It is also true that each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence.

However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer's legal costs.Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees.

B. The first is a pattern of cause and effect that the consumer advocate argues will be repeated in the case at issue； that開始的定語從句是修飾前面的a pattern，由於a pattern在從句中作賓語，所以省略引導詞that，但是這裡的that 是什麼呢？其實是引導後半句中的主語從句的引導詞，所以整個句子是有三個謂語動詞而只有一個從句引導詞，實際是省略了一個。

C同樣的語法。 C. The first is a pattern of cause and effect that the consumer advocate predicts will not hold in the case at issue；

The consumer advocate predicts that the pattern of cause and effect will not hold in the case at issue.

The first is pattern of cause and effect that the consumer advocate predicts THAT will not hold in the case at issue。省略THAT的賓語從句。

(A) The first is a generalization that the consumer advocate accepts as true; the second is presented as a consequence that follows from the truth of that generalization. (後面說的是跟generalization相反的一種情況)

(B) The first is a pattern of cause and effect that the consumer advocate argues will be repeated in the case at issue; the second acknowledges a circumstance in which that pattern would not hold. （repeated in the case at issue錯誤）

(C) The first is pattern of cause and effect that the consumer advocate predicts will not hold in the case at issue; the second offers a consideration in support of that prediction. （正確）

(D) The first is evidence that the consumer advocate offers in support of a certain prediction; the second is that prediction. （很明顯前後是相反的）

(E) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the main position that the consumer advocate defends; the second is that position. （不是weigh against）

先仔細看懂Consumer advocate的觀點，即他的預測（prediction)。他是想說如果關於州法中律師做廣告的全部限制都去除的話，最終會導致律師費漲價。所以在 However之前，他先承認去除部分限制後律師費會下降這一事實（這似乎於他的觀點是相反的）。在However之後，他提出了specify fees for specific services這一限制的作用，然後聲稱如果包括這一限制的法律限制全部去除的話，律師將在發廣告時將沒有incentive來降價，最終導致了他 prediction的出現，即漲價。

所以，Consumer advocate想要的不是：1）反對去除州法中對律師做廣告的限制；2）繼續目前州法中對律師做廣告的限制。他最想要看到的是：有限制的去除州法中對律師做廣告的限制，但是保留specify fees for specific services這一限制。

看 清了consumer advocate的想法，就好辦了。首先，It is generally true 。。。 It is also true。。。絕不是generalization或weight against, 因為它實質上並不和發言人的觀點相背，排除A、E； 也絕不是evidence，因為它不直接支持發言人的觀點，甚至從表面上看有點不利於發言人觀點，所以排除D。

然後 each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to conxumers have declines in consequence 這一句內部的確有個因果關係，正如B和C所說。但它的作用如我上面分析的是在後面被有限的推翻，而不是被repeat來支持發言人認為要漲價的prediction.

（1）However前面就是作者challenge,disagree，call into question的東西，後面就是作者support的東西，可能是全文的conclusion, position等等。

（2）Since, Because是原因，選項中常出現 evidence,explanation, based，consideration等詞。

（3）it shows等等是例證，選項中常出現 ...based ... finding，in support of, evidence  等詞

（4）if...then, should be 是一種判斷的依據， 選項中常出現 judgement 等詞。

（5）Therefore, argue that... 就肯定是conclusion了

不過（2）--（5）都要看清楚是在However等轉折詞前，還是後面

這題的關鍵在於對"the case at issue"的理解. 其實"the case at issue"就是指文章討論的重心或結論, 即a certain position that the consumer advocate argues for.

理解了這一點, 就很容易理解C選項了: 第一部分BF是該position所否定的, 所以"the first pattan will not hold in the case at issue"; 第二部分BF舉了"specify fee arrangement"作為consideration 支持該position.

從此題可以看出解BF題兩個最關鍵的地方:

1)找出哪裡是conclusion, 然後分清推導的過程, 哪裡是evidence, 哪裡是mid-conclusion, 哪裡是consideration.

2)嚴重注意連接詞. 如, however, but等. 判斷evidenc, conclusion之間關係如何.

Parallel

Which of the following is most like the argument above in its logical structure?

54. It is true that it is against international law to sell plutonium to countries that do not yet have nuclear weapons. But if United States companies do not do so, companies in other countries will.

(A) It is true that it is against the police department's policy to negotiate with kidnappers. But if the police want to prevent loss of life, they must neg