Assumption
ASSUMPTION
看原文：同WEAKEN。對於充分必要的，列出推理鏈。
找答案：答案分兩類型：SUPPORT（填補推理上的概念GAP），DEFENDER（排除WEAKEN結論的可能性，即排除他因）。
讀原文
SUPPORT推理中有概念GAP（特別是答案出現新元素），則答案填補這個GAP（通常新元素必出現），
DEFENDER否則找他因，排除推理中的WEAKNESS。
最後用TEST檢驗或排除易混的答案。對於後一類用有關無關有時比較好，
用結論的具體性和特殊性去分有關無關，排出剩下的用TEST
DENIAL TEST：將選項取非，原文結論不成立，則為正確選項。
幾種特殊類型：
ASSUMPTION的方法包括：
因果型結論：
A。不是其他原因可能導致該結果
A排除他因，沒有別的因素影響
B。結合因果：或有因有果或無果無因。
C。因果沒顛倒。
D。顯示因果關係的資料是準確。
條件型結論：結論帶條件（即為充分必要）。
ASSUMPTION的方法排除充分條件出現，必要條件不出現的情況。
或充分條件一定能推出必要條件，或排除充分條件推不出必要條件的可能
The official's conclusion logically depends on which of the following assumptions?
8. To prevent some conflicts of interest, Congress could prohibit high-level government officials from accepting positions as lobbyists for three years after such officials leave government service. One such official concluded, however, that such a prohibition would be unfortunate because it would prevent high-level government officials from earning a livelihood for three years.
To是充分條件指示詞，也就是說:
充分必要條件指示詞
1.introduce a sufficient condition: if/when/whenever/every/all/any/people who/in order to/to
2.introduce a necessary condition: then/only/only if/must/require/no,none(在句子開頭
Prevent conflicts of interest->prohibit positions as lobbyists (premise)
Conclusion: prevent earning a livelihood->prohibition unfortunate
這道題屬於GAP型，因為livelihood屬於沒有提到過的概念，所以解題的思路是填補GAP。
所以答案應該是把lobbyists和livelihood聯繫起來。
A. Laws should not restrict the behavior of former government officials.
B. Lobbyists are typically people who have previously been high-level government officials.
C. Low-level government officials do not often become lobbyists when they leave government service.
D. High-level government officials who leave government service are capable of earning a livelihood only as lobbyists.
有livelihood也有lobbyist，所以正確，再用denial test檢驗，are capable of earning a livelihood not only as lobbyists->那麼就不1定會prevent earning a livelihood，結論推不出來
E. High-level government officials who leave government service are currently permitted to act as lobbyists for only three years.
The argument above assumes that
21. When limitations were in effect on nuclear-arms testing, people tended to save more of their money, but when nuclear-arms testing increased, people tended to spend more of their money. The perceived threat of nuclear catastrophe, therefore, decreases the willingness of people to postpone consumption for the sake of saving money.
When是充分條件指示詞
Premise: Limitations, nuclear-arms testing, in effect->save more money
Nuclear-arms testing 增加->spend more money
Conclusion: perceived threat->使人們不願推遲消費
這裡的perceived threat是原來沒有的，屬於GAP型，答案必然是填補GAP
所以答案中必要要包含nuclear-arms testing以及perceived threat
A. the perceived threat of nuclear catastrophe has increased over the years.
B. most people supported the development of nuclear arms.
C. people's perception of the threat of nuclear catastrophe depends on the amount of nuclear-arms testing being done
聯繫起來了，正確答案用perception代替perceived屬於同義替換
TEST 取非變成 not depend on the nuclear test 推不出結論
D. the people who saved the most money when nuclear-arms testing was limited were the ones who supported such limitations
E. there are more consumer goods available when nuclear-arms testing increases.
The conclusion draw in the first sentence depends on which of the following assumptions?
36. If the airspace around centrally located airports were restricted to commercial airliners and only those private planes equipped with radar, most of the private-plane traffic would be forced to use outlying airfields. Such a reduction in the amount of private-plane traffic would reduce the risk of midair collision around the centrally located airports.
只看第一句就好
If 帶出充分條件 ,most帶出結論
注意結論的具體性，結論是private planes而條件當中是commercial airliners 和有radar的private planes ，
這樣就可以看到結論和條件的差別在於有沒有radar，所以找答案的關鍵在於找radar和private plane.
A. Outlying airfields would be as convenient as centrally located airports for most pilots of private planes.
B. Most outlying airfields are not equipped to handle commercial-airline traffic.
C. Most private planes that use centrally located airports are not equipped with radar.
test 取非 大部分private planes有裝 radar 推不出結論 reduce the risk of midair collision
D. Commercial airliners are at greater risk of becoming involved in midair collisions than are private planes.
E. A reduction in the risk of midair collision would eventually lead to increases in commercial-airline traffic.
The researcher's conclusion depends on which of the following assumptions?
同題型og-137
48. A researcher discovered that people who have low levels of immune-system activity tend to score much lower on tests of mental health than do people with normal or high immune-system activity. The researcher concluded from this experiment that the immune system protects against mental illness as well as against physical disease.
像這種條件當中給出兩個要素並且陳述了一種現象，而結論當中推出一種因果關係的題目，通常的assumption是排除逆向因果，也就是low mental health不會引起low level immune-system
levels of immune system (A)和 mental illness (B)同時出現，有某種相關性。如果researcher認為A（因）導致了B（果），換句話說，他assume不是B（果）導致了A（因）。
這種A與B同時發生的題OG裡面有好幾個，基本的關係就三種，AB沒有因果關係，A導致B，B導致A。對其中任何一種關係的肯定，其前提就是否定其他兩種關係。印象中OG有題就是說AB沒有關係的
類似題目還有OG154
D選項去掉not,你就會發現該statement就對結論起削弱作用。因此就是假設。
not+weaken和架橋是解假設題的兩種方法。
假定題中因果倒置的題,否定B能推出A就是對原文起了一個肯定加強的作用
另外,推理的重點在前面,as well as against physical disease只是對結論的附帶說明
這是誰是因，誰是果題型。原文由 low levels of immune-system activity 的人mental health 較差，得出結論說low levels of immune-system activity 是因，是它導致 low levels of immune-system activity 。但也有可能mental health 是因，是它導致low levels of immune-system activity 。D排除這種可能。故為答案
B not cause A的逆命題＝A not cause B, A not cause B的否命題＝A cause B;根據原命題的逆命題等價於否命題＝>A cause B等價於B not cause A！證明
原文提供的是因果關係，不是充分必要關係，不存在推理關係，也就不存在逆否命題，否命題等之說。見關於因果關係和充分必要關係的區別。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=68573&page=1
1。因果的意思為A引起B，既然是一個引起另一個，就是一個發生在先，一個發生在後。如果是相互引起，你說那個在先。當然，不同場合那就不同了。
2。假設是原文結論的必要條件，所以它錯，原文結論必推不出，必錯。假如D是錯的，Mental illness does cause people's immune-system activity to decrease。則Mental illness 是因，後者是果。既然如此，就不可能Mental illness 是果了。結論推不出。
因果关系不同充分必要关系
A. High immune-system activity protects against mental illness better than normal immune-system activity does.
B. Mental illness is similar to physical disease in its effects on body systems.
C. People with high immune-system activity cannot develop mental illness.
D. Mental illness does not cause people's immune-system activity to decrease.
E. Psychological treatment of mental illness is not as effective as is medical treatment.
The conclusion above is based on which of the following assumptions?
63. Traditionally, decision-making by managers that is reasoned step-by-step has been considered preferable to intuitive decision-making. However, a recent study found that top managers used intuition significantly more than did most middle-or lower-level managers. This confirms the alternative view that intuition is actually more effective than careful, methodical reasoning.
Premise: step-by-step more preferable to intuitive (背景，不是很重要，這個可以從traditionally來判斷，所以不要在意這句話)
recent study（重要）
Managers more intuition 比 middle-lower managers
Conclusion: intuitive more effective
思路：effective在條件當中沒有出現，所以可以把它當作是GAP 型，那麼答案必定是填補這個GAP，所以答案中應包含effective.
(A) Methodical, step-by-step reasoning is inappropriate for making many real-life management decisions.
(B) Top managers have the ability to use either intuitive reasoning or methodical, step-by-step reasoning in making decisions.
(C) The decisions made by middle-and lower-level managers can
be made as easily by using methodical reasoning as by using intuitive reasoning.
(D) Top managers use intuitive reasoning in making the majority of their decisions.
(E) Top managers are more effective at decision-making than middle-or lower-level managers
test 取非 top managers 不能effective at decision-making by intution 推不出結論
The conclusion above is based on which of the following assumptions?
76. A famous singer recently won a lawsuit against an advertising firm for using another singer in a commercial to evoke the famous singer's well-known rendition of a certain song. As a result of the lawsuit, advertising firms will stop using imitators in commercials. Therefore, advertising costs will rise, since famous singers' services cost more than those of their imitators.
第一句是背景（瞭解大意即可）
注意第2句中的as a result，在這裡是sub-conclusion的指示詞，那麼它後面的sub-conclusion就是結論的條件
Conclusion(指示詞，therefore, since): 判定是因果型結論 famous singers cost more->ad cost rise
思路1：排除他因，沒有別的因素影響advertising costs
（注意關鍵字，ad costs, famous singers, more, imitators）
思路2：無因無果，famous singers services不cost more，ad費用就不rise（不大好）
有因有果 famous singers, ad 費用增加
思路3：因果沒顛倒（ad 費用高引起famous singers 高於後者，不好）
所以思路1比較好，排除他因
(A) Most people are unable to distinguish a famous singer's rendition of a song from a good imitator's rendition of the same song.
(B) Commercials using famous singers are usually more effective than commercials using imitators of famous singers.
(C) The original versions of some well-known songs are unavailable for use in commercials.
(D) Advertising firms will continue to use imitators to mimic the physical mannerisms of famous singers.
(E) The advertising industry will use well-known renditions of songs in commercials.
test取非 推不出結論 cost上升
The argument in the passage depends on which of the following assumptions?
80.The program to control the entry of illegal drugs into the country was a failure in 1987.
If the program had been successful, the wholesale price of most illegal drugs would not have dropped substantially in 1987.
原文的推理是基於供給對價格的變化來推出結論的，但價格還有一個影響因素，就是需求。E取非為需求是影響價格的唯一因素。這樣原文的推理就不成立了。注意影響價格有兩個因素：供給和需求。
那麼就要注意結論的特殊性和具體性，是說whole sale price, most illegal drugs.
(A) The supply of illegal drugs dropped substantially in 1987.
(B) The price paid for most illegal drugs by the average consumer did not drop substantially in 1987.
(C) Domestic production of illegal drugs increased at a higher rate than did the entry of such drugs into the country.
(D) The wholesale price of a few illegal drugs increased substantially in 1987.
(E) A drop in demand for most illegal drugs in 1987 was not the sole cause of the drop in their wholesale price
（這個符合結論的特殊性和具體性，用denial test，drop in demand是sole cause，那麼即使program成功了，whole sale price也會下降，也就是說program成不成功都沒有影響，所以在這樣的情況下，結論就推不出來了）
做邏輯關鍵是搞清楚為何對，為何錯，看OG的主要目的也在這兒，不在做多少題。
第一步看問題。
第二步看原文，分清結論和支持結論的理由，特別是原文有些信息只是背景知識，不是理由，結論有時也不一定有THEREFORE之類的詞，甚至有了這些詞， 結論也可能和它不一樣，搞清結論要結合原文作者要表達的方向和理由支持的方向。
第三步從選項中分清有關無關，留下有關的，去掉無關的。和結論討論的話題或TOPIC無關的就是無關。
第四步，按不同題型再最後分清正確與錯誤選項。用這4個步驟去琢磨OG，相信段時間會有提高
一。ASSUMPTION類。假設類分充分型和必要型。
充分型是問題問你下列哪個假設，能使原文的結論PROPOERLY推出。
必要型是問題問你原文的推理依賴下列哪個假設。他們的作題思路不同。
充分類因為原文結論是必須能從證據推出（加上假設），所以方法較簡單，將選項加到原文的推理中，如果結論必成立（MUST BE），則為答案，如果結論有不成立的可能性，則錯，
其中的特例是原文證據和結論的概念差異（GAP），說出這個GAP就是假設。
必要類複雜點，總體的方法是將選項取非，如果原文的結論必不成立，則為答案，如果還有成立的可能性，則錯。取非就是假設選項是錯的。
其中有幾種特例。
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